Jesus and Holy Souls Essay Sample free essay sample

Supplication to Our Suffering Savior for the Holy Souls in Purgatory O most sweet Jesus.through the ridiculous sweat which Thou didst endure in the Garden of Gethsemane. show benevolence toward these Blessed Souls.Have kindness on them. We will compose a custom paper test on Jesus and Holy Souls Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page R. Show benevolence toward them. O Lord. O most sweet Jesus.through the strivings which Thou didst endure during Thy most boorish scourging. show kindness toward them.R. Show leniency toward them. O Lord. O most sweet Jesus.through the strivings which Thou didst endure in Thy most difficult delegated with aggravations. show benevolence toward them.R. Show benevolence toward them. O Lord. O most sweet Jesus.through the strivings which Thou didst endure in shipping Thy cross to Calvary. show leniency toward them.R. Show leniency toward them. O Lord. O most sweet Jesus.through the strivings which Thou didst endure during Thy most uncouth Crucifixion. show kindness toward them.R. Show leniency toward them. O Lord. O most sweet Jesus.through the strivings which Thou didst endure in Thy most bitter torment on the Cross. show kindness toward them.R. Show leniency toward them. O Lord. O most sweet Jesus.through the enormous harming which Thou didst endure in take a breathing Forth Thy Blessed Soul. show kindness toward them.R. Show leniency toward them. O Lord. ( State your motivation ( s ) here while asking yourself to the minds in Purgatory. ) Favored Souls. I have petitioned God for thee ;I importune thee. who are so dearest to God.and who are secure of neer losing Him.to appeal to God for me an enduring evildoer.who is at risk for being damned.and of losing God everlastingly. Amons. The very first moment Jesus. my Savior. I have so oftentimes had the right to be thrown into snake pit. how extraordinary would be my suffering on the off chance that I were presently thrown awayand obliged to accept that I myself had caused my condemnation. I express gratitude toward Thee for the restraint with which Thou hast suffered me. My God. I love Thee over all things and I am generously upset for holding insulted Thee in light of the fact that Thou craftsmanship endless goodness.I will rather expire than irritate Thee once more.Allow me the beauty of doggedness.Have sympathizing on me and at a similar clasp on those favored minds suffering in Purgatory.Mary. Mother of God. go to their guide with thy incredible mediation. Express the undermentioned requests: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Savior for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY TWO Enduring to me. troubled being. such a large number of mature ages have I previously spent on Earth and have earned nothing yet hell!I give Thee much appreciated. O Lord. for permitting me cut even now to appease for my wickednesss.My great God. I am generously upset for holding insulted Thee.Send me Thy help. that I may utilize the clasp yet remaining to me for Thy love and administration ; have empathy on me. what's more, at a similar clasp. on the sanctum spirits suffering in Purgatory.O Mary. Mother of God. go to their guide with thy amazing mediation. Express the undermentioned petitions: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Savior for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY THREE My Supreme being! since Thou craftsmanship boundless goodness.I love Thee over all things. also, atone with my entire chest of my impudences against Thee. Permit me the finesse of heavenly doggedness.Have empathy on me. what's more, at the equivalent. on the sanctum spirits suffering in Purgatory.And 1000. Mary. Mother of God. go to their guide with thy amazing mediation. Express the undermentioned petitions: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Savior for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY FOUR My Supreme being! since Thou craftsmanship interminable goodness.I am remorseful with my entire chest for holding annoyed Thee.I guarantee to expire rather than ever arouse Thee more.Give me heavenly stubbornness ; have empathizing on me. furthermore, have sympathizing on those heavenly minds that consume in the cleaning fire and love Thee with all their Black Marias. O Mary. Mother of God. help them by thy incredible petitions. Express the undermentioned requests: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Savior for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY FIVE Enduring to me. despondent being. on the off chance that Thou. O Lord. hadst cast me into snake pit ; for from that keep of ever-enduring harming there is no salvage. I love Thee most importantly things.O endless God and I am unfeignedly remorseful for holding outraged Thee again. Permit me the beauty of sacred persistence. Have sympathy on me.and. at a similar clasp. on the sanctum spirits suffering in Purgatory.O Mary. Mother of God. go to their guide with thy amazing mediation. Express the undermentioned requests: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Savior for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY SIX My Divine Redeemer.Thou didst dice for me on the Cross. furthermore, hast so as often as possible joined Thyself with me in Holy Communion. also, I have reimbursed Thee only with ungratefulness.Now. by and by. I love Thee most importantly things.O preeminent God ; and I am more lamented at my offenses against Thee than at some other corruption. I will rather expire than insult Thee once more.Allow me the beauty of heavenly doggedness.Have empathy on me. furthermore, at a similar clasp. on the sanctum spirits suffering in Purgatory.Mary. Mother of God. provide to their with some timely help with thy incredible intervention. Express the undermentioned petitions: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Savior for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY SEVEN God. Father of Mercy. satisfy this their enthusiastic desire!Send them Thy sanctum Angel to signify to them that Thou. their Father. are currently accommodated with them through the anguish and expire of Jesus. furthermore, that the moment of their salvage has shown up. Express the undermentioned petitions: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Savior for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY EIGHT Gracious my God! I other than am one of these unpleasant presences. holding got so much beauty. but then disdained Thy love and had the right to be thrown by Thee into snake pit. Be that as it may, Thy unbounded goodness has saved me until now.Therefore. I presently love Thee over all things. furthermore, I am generously upset for holding irritated Thee.I will rather perish than ever outrage Thee.Allow me the beauty of blessed doggedness.Have sympathy on me and. at a similar clasp. on the sanctum spirits suffering in Purgatory.Mary. Mother of God. provide to their with some much needed help with thy amazing mediation. Express the undermentioned petitions: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Savior for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY NINE My God! How was it conceivable that I. for such a large number of mature ages. have borne peacefulness the partition from Thee and Thy heavenly grace!O boundless Goodness. how suffering hast Thou demonstrated Thyself to me!Henceforth. I will cherish Thee most importantly things.I am significantly remorseful for holding annoyed Thee ;I guarantee rather to expire than to again arouse Thee.Allow me the beauty of blessed tenacity. what's more, do non permit that I ought to ever again fall into wickedness.Have empathy on the sanctum mind in Purgatory.I ask Thee. seat their miseries ; abbreviate the clasp of their wretchedness ; name them instantly unto Thee in Eden. that they may look at Thee eye to eye. what's more, everlastingly love Thee.Mary. Mother of Mercy. provide to their with some much needed help with thy incredible mediation. also, appeal to God for us other than who are still at risk for imperishable perdition. Express the undermentioned requests: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Savior for the Holy Souls in Purgatory.

Critical Analysis Of A Midsummer Nights Dream Essays -

Basic Analysis Of A Midsummer Night's Dream William Shakespeare, conceived in 1594, is probably the best author in writing. He bites the dust in 1616 in the wake of finishing numerous pieces and plays. One of which is A Midsummer Nights Dream. They state that this play is the most simply sentimental of Shakespeares comedies. The subjects of the play are dreams and reality, love and enchantment. This unprecedented play is a play-with-in-a-play, which ace essayists just compose effectively. Shakespeare demonstrates here to be an ace essayist. Pundits think that its an undertaking to clarify the multifaceted design of the play, crowds think that its exceptionally satisfying to peruse and watch. A Midsummer Nights Dream is a parody joining components of affection, pixies, enchantment, and dreams. This play is a satire around five couples who endure adores abnormal games and the fiendishness behind the shrewd stunts. This play starts as Theseus, the Duke, is getting ready to wed Hippolyta. He charms her with his blade. Hermia is en amored with Lysander. Egeus, Hermias father, restricts the relationship with Lysander and requests her to wed Demetrius. Demetrius cherishes Hermia, yet she doesn't adore him. Then again, Helena is enamored with Demetrius. To settle the disarray, Theseus concludes that Hermia must wed Demetrius or become a pious devotee. In counter to her dads order, Hermia and Lysander flee together. In the midst of the considerable number of issues in the human world, Titania and Oberon, the pixie sovereign and lord, ceaselessly contend about their different connections that they have participated in. (Scott 336) Titania leaves Oberon because of the contentions. Oberon is harmed and needs vengeance on Titania. So he tells Puck, Oberons hireling, to put an enchantment bloom squeeze on her eyelids while she is resting. This elixir makes the casualty urgently infatuated with the main animal that they see. Oberons plan is done, however the elixir is additionally positioned on Lysanders eyes. Lysander gets up to see Helena, who is carelessly strolling through the forested areas, and quickly goes gaga for her. She believes that he is ridiculing her being enamored with Demetrius, so she leaves and Lysander follows. This disregards Hermia to wake up. Puck presently has ventured to the zone where a few entertainers are practicing. He utilizes his enchantment to transform one of them into a jackass, with the expectation that Titania will conscious to see it. Similarly as arranged, she stirs and begins to look all starry eyed at the jackass. Oberon and Puck catch Demetrius and Hermia contending about their connections and understand that they had committed an error. In order to solve the issue, Puck places enchantment squeeze on Demetrius while he is dozing. He gets up to Helena, who currently has two men in adoration with her. Hermia is crushed on the grounds that Lysander doesn't adore her any longer. Helena and Hermia contend in light of the fact that Helena feels that Hermia is in on the mens joke. Every one of the four contend and leave. Puck convinces them to rest all together and a greater amount of the cure is put on the eyes of Lysander. Titania additionally gets another portion of the mixture, and gets up to her better half Oberon. A triple wedding is arranged and everybody is upbeat. (thinkquest.com 1-3) Throughout the play there are numerous references to the sex and sex jobs of the characters. As portrayed in the basic article by Shirley Nelson Garner, the commanding male force and odd sex jobs of the characters is familiar all through the play. The requesting of the pixie, human, and common universes is a development toward fulfilling mens mental requirements; however it additionally upsets womens bonds with one another. The contention among Titania and Oberon emerges from Titanias focal point of consideration toward a taken Indian kid. Oberon utilizes his position to constrain Titania to surrender the kid, and he is stunned when she resists him and leaves. Her connection to the kid is sensual, on the grounds that she treats him like Bottom after she begins to look all starry eyed at him by a spell. The hidden purpose behind Oberons grumbling of Titania and the young men relationship is that he covertly needs the kid for himself. Oberon makes a move since his capacity is undermined by Titanias love for the kid. He needs her

Trade Union Increasing Of Their Membership Commerce Essay

Worker's organization Increasing Of Their Membership Commerce Essay It is accepted that worker connection is a significant administration movement if the association manages worker's guilds. As Gennard and Judge (2005) clarified in their book, worker's organizations are sorted out gathering of representatives who comprise completely or mostly of laborers of at least one portrayal and whose chief purposes incorporate the guideline of relations among laborers and businesses. The main role of worker's guilds is to secure and improve the expectations for everyday comforts of their individuals. (Gennard and Judge, 2005) To accomplish this target, there are two principle strategies modern and political. Mechanical techniques incorporate the exchange of concurrences with managers and such has a place with aggregate haggling, complaint system, modern activity, utilization of outsider mediation, joint discussion. Political strategies spread a wide range of association investment in the political procedure, incorporating pressure bunch exercises corresponding to the UK government and the EU dynamic bodies. Worker's guilds which followed from the eighteenth century have formed into various structures, impacted by contrasting political modifiers and exercises of worker's organizations differ, however may include: arrangement of advantages to individuals, aggregate bartering, mechanical activity and political movement. In spite of the fact that worker's organizations achieve loads of advantages to their individuals, there is a decrease in worker's organization participation. This paper will talk about the inquiry how worker's organizations can expand their participation. The inquiries will be replied from four viewpoints. It will be sort out as follow: first it will discuss the association, second is the arrangement explicitly to draw in more youthful individuals, third is sorting out model, and last is the interest in investigating new data based innovation and correspondence frameworks. Likewise an end will compose at the remainder of this paper. Organization Blair pronounced organizations to be a basic piece of building up an advanced working environment that can create products and enterprises of value. It is a piece of the response to the mission for monetary achievement (Brown et al, 2001) Heery (2002) referenced that social association is an uncertain term and in Britain conveys various implications and alludes to a scope of association exercises. At European level, it can allude to association inclusion in European Social Dialog and the exchange of structure understandings. At state level, it can allude to endeavors to situate the TUC as a definitive accomplice in financial and social administration. At economy level, it can allude to endeavors to restore multi-business aggregate haggling. At organization level, it can allude to the arrangement of unmistakable association understandings among associations and the executives, which are proposed to advance another and more co-usable arrangement of relations inside the firm. Organization understandings may mirror a selective rule of portrayal; they give a component of security to patrons in generally steady employments through an approach of conscious frailty for other people, who are more averse to be unionized. Association over the degree of the organization might be arranged towards the wide guideline of the work showcase, organization understandings center particularly around the prompt business focused interests of patrons. (Heery, 2002) These organization understandings look to address intrigues which have regularly been dismissed by associations before. They have normal element like specialist privilege to preparing and advancement. For sure, the Return to Learn association finished up by harmony with open and intentional part bosses are kept exclusively to issue of self-improvement (Munro and Rainbird, 2000). Association understandings look to develop imparted interests to businesses and appear as profitability alliance (Windolf, 1989), in which security, advancement and inclusion in a perfect world are traded for laborer responsibility and adaptability. Association brings numerous advantages, for example, preparing and advancement, and furthermore makes the specialist increasingly adaptable that businesses and representatives working under the intentional as opposed to law. Association is based on standards and practices of shared responsibility between the association and the individuals who work there.â Partnership has brought benefits including more prominent exposure of data, more prominent impact, between association co-activity and progressively neighborhood dynamic. It gives the chance to specialist get preparing and build up their own abilities, increment laborers inclusion. In a word, there is a major capability of a move towards more noteworthy organization with managers as a method for expanding worker's guild enrollment. Pull in more youthful individuals All through Western Europe, worker's guild enrollment is declining. The normal time of exchange unionists is rising, and distinction between exchange unionists and youthful laborers discernment, culture and character are enlarging. In the event that worker's guilds are tending to switch the enrollment decrease continued since 1979, progressively youthful laborers must be selected. Continued enrollment development in worker's guild is confronting two significant difficulties. The primary test is to adjust their procedures and structures to the fast development and assorted variety of administration part business. The subsequent test is segment. Organization enrollment in western modern countries is maturing and will in general be amassed in declining or moderate development part. Thus, it is imperative that associations create successful approaches to enlist the up and coming age of laborers. (Weil, 1994) A survey of unionization among youngsters in Western European demonstrated that paces of unionization among youngsters are lower than among their more established partners and that the pace of unionization for youngsters is declining more steeply than among more seasoned specialists (Serrano Pascual and Waddington, 2000). It is contended that youthful laborers mentalities towards worker's organizations are impacted by angles as follow. In the first place, family arranges impact the unionization of youthful laborers. Youthful exchange unionists were bound to have guardians who were, or had been, exchange unionists. Second is the impact of some work environment qualities and employment narratives on organization enrollment. Youthful laborers who frequently change business as opposed to amass a supply of complaints in a solitary post are less inclined to unionize (Waddington and Kerr, 2002). There are a few activities can be acquainted in terms of professional career associations with stem the sharp decrease in unionization among youngsters. In the first place, decrease membership rates for youthful exchange unionists. So as to support higher paces of interest in association issues and to encourage commitments from youthful individuals on the improvement of association arrangement, numerous associations have set up youth or understudy segments. Second, dispatch battles on college grounds trying to pull in into participation understudies utilized in McJobs, which is low compensation, uncertainty, unsocial hours and a nonappearance of occasion or wiped out compensation. Third, build up a nearness at performances and comparable occasions integral to the way of life of youngsters, to connect with potential youthful individuals. Fourth, build up the Organizing Academy to prepare youngsters to select, among others, youthful laborers, with the particular brief to expand associa tion into private-division administrations. Sorting out model The worker's organization thickness is depicted as a result of five powers: full scale monetary setting, workforce structure, state approach, the executives system, and the enlistment movement of worker's guilds themselves (Metcalf, 1991). It is likewise contended that the fall in worker's guild enrollment was brought about by deficient venture or lacks in association enlistment action a lot of association enrollment has been unsystematic and responsive (Heery, 2000) (Kelly and Heery, 1994). While there is proof of UK associations putting forth an expanded attempt to enlist and arrange new individuals, which has been educated by the sorting out model since the mid 1990s. (Heery, 2002) The idea of a sorting out model or arranging approach is uncertain and grasps various standards and practice (Bronfenbrenner, 1998). Arranging model will in general be utilized in two covering detects: First, it can allude to a model of association great practice which adds to participation development by re-assembling or broadening association at work environment level. Second, it speaks to an endeavor to rediscover the social development inceptions of work, basically by reclassifying the association as an assembling structure which tries to mimic activism among its individuals and create battles for working environment and more extensive social equity (Heery et al, 2000). Sorting out model incorporates a few practices, for example, dependence on focused and arranged arranging efforts; the utilization of mapping strategies to explore the objective workforce and distinguish those prone to join; dependence on face-on-face enlistment, regularly in people groups homes and utilizing like-to-like scouts (Heery et al, 2000). Sorting out methods the strengthening of laborers, laborers can resolve their own issues without plan of action to outer portrayal. The expanding venture by associations in sorting out prompts a recuperation of organization enrollment. Interest in innovation and correspondence frameworks The association has put brief period or cash in investigating new data based innovation and correspondence frameworks. The ease of data, correspondence, and connection on the web offers worker's guilds chances to improve benefits and draw in individuals. The web is the twenty-first centurys method of mass correspondence, the calculated development bend for web use making the web one of the most quickly received advancements ever. The utilization of web for laborers and patrons are exceptionally all inclusive. It is accepted that if unionists were not utilizing the web, any investigation of the job of web later on for associations would be theoretical or possibly be constrained to its effect. Unexpectedly, on the off chance that unionists utilize the web, at that point it has more prominent potential for the eventual fate of associations extensively. The web offers associations

How to Create Compare and Contrast Essay Outline

Do you know how your lovely pets can help you to pass a course assignment? No, there is nothing wrong with this statement. Your fed and pampered cat might be quite useful as well as your faithful dog. Do not consider your family’s pets as a distraction and creatures making a complete mess around. Let them inspire you for the most insightful compare and contrast essay outline! No more riddles, no more secrets. Without further ado, let us explain the easiest way to elaborate a comprehensive outline for your future masterpiece. Structure: What Do You Need to Write? We know that you are eager to start writing an essay, but not wade in unknown waters, scrutinize your topic first. You need to choose two subjects that vary widely or, on the contrary, are closely related. Think carefully about these objects, people, events, and places to distinguish the similarities or discern the major differences. Don’t be too hasty to write an introductory paragraph. Take your time to develop an outline for your essay. What is the reason for creating the plan in the first place? Imagine this: you have started writing but stuck in the middle of your thoughts! Or even worse, you have written the essay when noticed the gaps in a logical framework. To avoid burnout, you should follow a consistent outline that has its own structure. The Introductory paragraph. The Body (consists at least of three parts). The Conclusion paragraph. This holistic approach will enable you to put your ideas in an appropriate format. Make your outline simple for understanding, coherent and logical. Introduction to the Topic Now you are aware of the basic structure so that let us break down major components returning to our lovely four-legged beasts: cats and dogs. The introductory paragraph is the place to describe your topic in general and specific terms. As a rule, it starts with a hook to draw the reader into the writing paper. Your task is to introduce your topic with several sentences. Make clear what you are going to discuss. It consists of three significant elements. Discover the central topic. Usually, the introductory paragraph begins with a particular hook to induce reader’s interest. Rhetorical questions might be useful to lure your audience. After that, put the specifics of the topic. Example. Comparing and contrasting our pets, we might introduce the topic like this: â€Å"Do you know why cats are considered to be smarter than dogs?† Identify your objects. Specify what you are going to compare and contrast. Describe your objects to the readers shortly; emphasize the distinctive features as well as commonalities. Example. Returning to our pets, we might write the following lines: â€Å"Kitten, a charming small creature that likes to play all the time, contrasts sharply with our lazy Chesapeake Bay Retriever Ben that usually sleeps so sweetly near the fireplace. Despite their differences, both of them have the same soft spot for a piece of juicy meat†. Thesis statement. It is the final part of your introductory paragraph and the place to make your thesis statement. It is time to clarify the fundamental idea. It means you have to make your reader understand where your essay is going. Example. In our case, the thesis statement emphasized three specific features of the pets. â€Å"Firstly, Kitty and Ben differ in their nature, behavior, and preferences; yet they have a strong bond to human beings taking us for a mother, father, friend, and goddess, especially Ben.† Brainstorm the last sentence of the section, as it helps you transition smoothly into the next part. The Body of Your Story: Our Guide The amount of the body paragraphs depends on the aspects of your subject. Write two details about each of them separately, explaining how they are related to the facet. Paragraph #1 State the principal idea of the paragraph. We put it in this way: â€Å"The first difference between Kitten and Ben is the way they behave in human society; while both depend on their master, each of the pets has its personal style.† Our detail sentences might look in such way: Subject #1: Kitten 1. â€Å"Kitten thinks that the only purpose the world exists is to make her absolutely contented and satisfy all her royal whims. I think she considers herself to be an ancient goddess while all the members of our family are her subjects.† 2. â€Å"In the nastiest days, when everything seems going wrong, she possesses an admirably quality to make your shine! Whenever you came at home, Kitten is waiting for you, looking for your love, gentle strokes, and some meat.† Subject #2: Ben 1. â€Å"On the other hand, Ben is both the most faithful friend and the diligent servant that neither complains nor demands, and is always glad to help with your lost slipper or leftover bones.† 2. â€Å"Despite his native laziness and passion for the master’s pillow, whenever you want, Ben will come to make you cheer up: shake his strong and friendly paws.† In the same way, you should organize the next paragraphs: put the aspect first, and then go into details describing every point separately. There are no strict rules on how many elements you should compare. However, our piece of advice is to reflect on three or more key thoughts. Put particular attention to the last body paragraph. It wraps up the final aspect that you have identified in the thesis. More Writing Tips Make your introduction bright. You should capture the readers attention like Alexander the Great conquest the Persian Empire. Answer the questions. In this way, you will piece together the whole picture and clarify specific details. For instance, state something unknown and outline the possible misunderstanding. Reveal a new way of seeing or realizing something. Never forget to argue a point with supported facts. Read it critically. Come back to your essay with fresh eyes. Return to the reading a day after it was completing. Make sure each topic sentence of the body clearly summarizes the key points. Proofread it to recognize weak points and edit for grammar, logic, and flow. Juicy Conclusion: Make it Better! At last, we are ready to wrap all ideas up with the conclusion. It is the final chord comprising the short summary of our essay, which aims to put all things together. Remember three significant points: Summarize. You need to synthesize your ideas with the information set out in the body paragraphs. Focus on evaluation. Describe the greater meaning of the chosen topic or discuss possible progresses in the future. Answer the question of what the purpose of your work is. Significance. Underline revealed differences and explain why you consider them essential. State what was your final goal in showing these differences? By the way, you may refer back to your introductory paragraph and rewrite thesis statement. How to Choose a Topic? If you are free to choose, find something you are crazy about. Maybe you adore cats as we are? Then it will be easier to describe the subject! You may compare personalities, places, objects, animals, facts and so on. For example, you may write about: American and English language differences; Art and science class; Rock and classical music; Tea and coffee or apple and tomato. You see, there are plenty of topics for you to explore! However, consult your instructor first what field you should study. We are sure that you are perfectly able to create a great compare and contrast essay following well-designed outline. Just keep in mind our funny pets and work on your topic!

Improving The Care Of The Elderly - 1305 Words

Evidenced Based Practice for Quality Improvement The purpose of this paper is to discuss how to improve the care of the elderly. In greater detail, I will be discussing fall and fall-risk programs. Fall programs are an essential key when it comes to caring for the elderly. Prevention is the first essential step in the prevention of falls. Falls among the elderly are a common problem, which may result in serious physical, psychological, and financial problems for the patient who has fallen, their family, and care-giving staff (Burland, Martens, Brownell, Doupe, Fuchs, 2013). As we age, even the simplest accident or fall can prove to be a life threatening ordeal. Age Related Challenges As the human body ages, a series of physiological changes begin to take place in a common series of events which may be a precursor to falling and falling related injuries. One of these physical degradations relates to the loss of bone density in the skeletal system. Among other numerous changes occurring that could help facilitate in a fall include loss of vision, impaired mobility as well as overall cognitive function. When providing care to a patient who presents a fall risk status, there are measures that can be taken to prevent injuries. Such measures include utilizing bed-exit alarms; call lights for immediate assistance; color coded socks and arm bands for staff awareness. Various learning material provided to staff can educate them on how to recognize and addressShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Quality Assurance And Performance Improvement1558 Words   |  7 Pagesimprove the care of the elderly population, especially in nursing homes. Throughout the paper, the general changes that the older adults go through their life will be discussed. Overview of five articles that are related to the elements of Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement (QAPI) will be given. 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Reflection Paper Module Three After four decades of failure to enact a universal healthcare program

Reconciliation Essay - 2590 Words

â€Å"Can the past be forgiven? Can people who have been traumatized live with memory and each other again? What do they need to be healed?† (Marrus 27). In a world growing smaller each day, people cannot afford to hold onto the traumas and wrongs that have been committed unto them. At the same time, how can the world ask people who have been tortured, abused, systematically raped, and their lives forever changed to live with their aggressors once again? Can these people forgive their transgressors and come to a place of reconciliation? The steps taken by the Germany after the Second World War give one example of how to acknowledge atrocities. The Holocaust is an example of horrors on a global scale, but despite the scale or length of†¦show more content†¦It works to create a positive peace through a transformation of conflict. In 1992, United Nations secretary General Boutros-Ghali released his report titled An Agenda for Peace. This document proposed peace b uilding as â€Å"Action to identify and solidify peace in order to avoid relapse into conflict,† (Boutros-Ghali 11). While two sides are still in conflict, there is not a chance for communication between sides. Until violent conflict ceases, the two parties will continue to dehumanize one another and decrease the ability to understand one another. However, conflicts cannot always resolve themselves and outside intervention is sometimes needed to avoid a cycle of revenge, which can be a result. â€Å"The problem is a well-known bias in human perception, whereby we inflate the value of the wrongs we suffer, and minimize the value of those we ourselves inflict.† (Santa-Barbara 179). Luckily, there are nations such as Canada, with politicians like Lloyd Axworthy, who created the Canadian peace building initiative in 1996. â€Å"The initiative suggested a concern for the multidimensional and integrated causes of civil war and thus acknowledged the need to address the economic, social, and political aspects of reconstruction and reconciliation† (Keating 171). Michael R. Marrus argues that there are four contexts that need to be addressed when trying to develop a strategy for reconciliation. These are political, legal, material, and cultural. These different areas of concernShow MoreRelatedThe Truth And Reconciliation Commission1667 Words   |  7 PagesIn Country of My Skull, Antjie Krog writes pieces of prose, poetry, narrative and transcripts raw testimonies of the victims and offenders, during the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) hearings. These hearings were put in place by Nelson Mandela, which allowed witnesses, whose human rights were violated, to give statements and possibly testify before the Commission. These hearings were not only aimed at justice but the truth. The hearings allowed amnesty to those who committed the crimesRead MoreThe Presence Of Reconciliation Between Victims And Perpetrators1647 Words   |  7 Pa gesThe Presence of Reconciliation Through Violent Acts Throughout the course of human history, violence has been a reoccurring theme in the conquest for power in countries across the planet. Understanding the ideology behind some of this violence have puzzled historians and psychologists for centuries; furthermore, the presence of reconciliation between the victims and perpetrators after some of these horrific acts of terror is even more astonishing. This form of reconciliation was a significantRead MoreReconciliation Between Victims And Perpetrators1640 Words   |  7 Pagescenturies; furthermore, the presence of reconciliation between the victims and perpetrators after some of these horrific acts of terror is even more astonishing. This form of reconciliation was a significant factor during South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) formed in 1996. After close analysis, I have been able to identify the difference between the similar terms of reconciliation and forgiveness, understand the evaluation process of reconciliation between victims and perpetratorsRead MoreSteps Of The Plan Do Check Act ( Pdca ) Cycle1326 Words   |  6 Pagestimeliness percentages for balance sheet account reconciliations and reduce the audit risk associated with unreconciled account activity. The plan is to fully stratify the risk of each balance sheet account and change the reconciliation schedule based on the risk. Setting priority for important accounts and removing the busy work associated with preparing monotonous or low-risk reconciliations will increase the quality of the remaining reconciliations and allow analysts to better utilize their timeRead MoreReconciliation1268 Words   |  6 Pagessovevà ¦relset * Is my shirt been ironed? He shouted from the bedroom 4. Efter kampen sà ¥ bokseren usà ¦dvanligt svag og trà ¦t ud. * After the game, the boxer saw unusually weak and tired. B – â€Å"Reconciliation† By Polly Clark The short story is written by Polly Clark and is named â€Å"Reconciliation†. The story takes place in an office and the main character is the narrator, Vernon is an important characters. The narrator of the short story is a first-person narrator, and therefore she is, byRead MoreReconciliation780 Words   |  4 PagesThe short story â€Å"Reconciliation† is written by Polly Clark. The story is about a woman named Laura, who, in the attempt to get her husband back before they get divorced, applies at her husband’s work. She gets the job as a temp at the office and has to work with her husband, Vernon. At the office, Vernon gives her a task to mark the figures which are the same on each sheet. The numbers, which do not fit with a partner, remains unreconciled. The story is written in first-person narrator, where weRead MoreReconciliation Between Trauma And Healing And Reconciliation1501 Words   |  7 PagesThere is an interactive linkage between trauma healing and reconciliation. The beginning of healing is generally considered to enhance the possibility of reconciliation, while reconciliation furthers the possibility of healing. The processes of reconciliation and healing actually appear to be cyclical and reinforce each other, from one generation to the next, ultimately contributing to the prevention of future violence. First, reconciliation processes can be demanding both cognitively and emotionallyRead MoreEssay - Reconciliation779 Words   |  4 PagesThe short story Reconciliation was written in 2006 by the author Polly Clark. The story gently touches the area of which you go from sane to insane. After reading the story you could ask yourself; what is sanity? And where do we draw the line from a person being sane, to a person bein g insane? The question about sanity is a valid subject to discuss after reading â€Å"Reconciliation†, because the main character and narrator Laura seems to be quite strange and she doesn’t seem to know how to interact withRead MoreSacrament of Reconciliation616 Words   |  2 PagesSacrament of Reconciliation The Sacrament of Reconciliation is when we receive mercy and forgiveness for the sins we commit against God and the people around us. It is a frequently practiced sacrament in the Catholic community often helping many people around us release the guilt inside us and seek help to solve our problems. The Sacrament of Reconciliation has many symbols involved within and has many benefits to it, allowing us to bond and connect with God. The Sacrament of Reconciliation is alsoRead MoreBank Reconciliation8082 Words   |  33 PagesK.M. Khairul Hasan Arif MBA, CMA ( Cont.) Editor Bank Reconciliation What Is Bank Reconciliation? The word â€Å"reconciliation† means to make two sets of amounts correspond with each other (i.e. make them equal to each other) by explaining why the two sets of amounts differ. Bank reconciliation  is the process of matching and comparing figures from accounting records against those presented on a  bank statement.  Ã‚  Less any items which have no relation to the bank statement, the balance of the accounting

Cloud computing in E-commerce system

Question: Describe about the International Journal on Cloud Computing: Services and Architecture? Answer: Introduction In todays generation Cloud computing is the well known term that has been constructed hotly, drawing the both of derision and praise from the different sectors to the community of IT. Into this core the term that to refer the data centers outsourcing and the service of applications to the remote provider under the pay-as-you-go contact. This is the approach of metered that the lowers cost and complexity reduces, the business that allows simultaneously to the business that to consume the service additionally on-demand (Chorafas). E-commerce and the cloud computing are the two buzzwords nowadays. These are the popular because both of them are very much of cost effective. The cost of the organization saves by the cloud computing to the interface of IT at the time of E-commerce allows the merchants that to do the business without buying or renting the shop of entity. At the current time more of the companies of E-commerce move to the cloud. The provider of the cloud much opportunities positive for the E-commerce, but before the adopting this technology the companies must to have the off-trade. Cause for the cloud computing Now a days the computing of cloud gets very much popular as this can applied everywhere like nearly into the libraries; the service of the fire; the small retailer that have to need the websites secure of E-commerce. At the time of talking about the benefits of the cloud based computing, peoples are already think about the consumers of the cloud. In fact, not only the consumers of the cloud including the end-users and the organizations, but also the providers of the cloud can able to provide from this (Alam). Cloud computing Architecture The majority of the infrastructure cloud computing currently consist of the delivered of reliable service through data centers that are built on the storage virtualization technologies and computer. This service is accessible from any part of the world, as the appearing cloud as the access of single point for the all of computing needs of the consumers. Offering commercial needs to meet the service quality customer requirements and typically to offer the agreement of service level. Open source and open standers software are also critical to cloud computing growth (Gorla). Characteristics of cloud computing As, generally customers are do not own the infrastructure they are accessing merely or renting, they can expenditure of capital foreasgo, and the consumer's are resources as the services, paying for what they used. Many of the cloud computing adopted the model of utility computing that is analogs to how the utilities traditional like the consumed electricity, when others are build on to the basis of subscription. By the sharing of intangible and perishable computing power between the tenants multiple, the rates of utilization can be improved that can significantly reduced the cost at the time of increasing the application speed development (Hochstein, Schott and Graybill). The key feature of cloud computing 1) The expenditure of customer capital is minimized and the lowers barrier to entry. 2) Enables the location and device independence users to access the systems regardless of their location or to what kinds of device they are using. 3) Multi-tendency are enable to sharing of the resources among the users large pool, allowing for the infrastructure centralization in the lower cost area. Increases of the capacity of peak-load, and improvement of its efficiency and utilization. 4) Monitored and consistent is the performance (Hwang). Applications of cloud The application of cloud leverage the software architecture, often the need eliminating to run and install the application to the own computer of the customer, these are alleviating the software burden maintenance, operation ongoing, and support for the example of this: Volunteer/peer-to-peer computing Web application like face-book Software as the service like the Application of Google, sales force Software services plus (LaBarge). Cloud Clients The cloud client is the computer software or the computer hardware, that relies on to the application delivery or which to specifically design for the cloud service delivery, and these are either to case essentially unless to without this Thick web browser/client (like mozila firefox, Google chrome) Thin client (like Zondu gOS based system, CherryPal) Mobile (Windows mobile, iPhone, Android) Cloud services The cloud service is the software system these are designed to support the inter operable interaction of machine to machine over the network. That may be accessed by the other components of cloud computing, endures or software directly. For the example of this is identify, integration, mapping, payments, search (Morris). Cloud storage Storage in cloud is the delivery of data as the service, often to build on the utility that based on computing. For the example- database (like the Amazone simple database), attached network storage, synchronization and the web service (Rashidi). Cloud providers benefit Basically, there are many of the incentives for organizations that have to provide the service of cloud. Investment Existing Leverage Using the ideal existing IT infrastructure that to provide the service of the cloud, that to enables these are the companies that to have a new system of revenue. Now, for the example of this are Amazon and Google extending their private cloud and offered them to the public. Making of money For the business people profit is the one and only attractive thing. Ever body want to increase their profit margin (Ritu Sharma and Manu Sood). Defend franchise Many of the application to the enterprise that are begin to make the use of computing to the cloud, the vendors motivated would be to option of cloud provided of their own if already they established the franchise. Incumbent attack All of the companies with the resources of software and data requisition center are always want to be established the beachhead in that space. Customer relationships to leverage All of the companies can get the relationships of extensive customer via their offering service, including the service of the cloud. Become the platform Sometimes, the organization wants to provide the cloud service into become to order the platform. The infrastructure that indeed to provide of plug-in application of face book that to application plug-in is the provider of the cloud that to called the Joyner. And the motivation of the face-books was to make their own application to be into the new platform for development (Sasikala). Cloud consumers benefit Here is the consumer to the cloud that refer to the organizations and companies that to adopt the computing of the cloud gave reasons to explain why these type of organizations are move into the cloud (Singh and Kumar). Payment as per used Maximum of the companies these are small does not need for invest into the infrastructure of the IT initial and to maintain them if adopt they are to the cloud. Thats why they can simply pay what they can use. In that particular way the companies may reduce the west of the underutilization. Cost reduction Operation The user of the computing utility the virtual computer inserted of the machine physical. The hardware operation is shifted from work to the consumer of the cloud to the provider of the cloud. The organization can be reduced their cost of operation in that way. So, there are also the additional benefits that can be offered by the computing into the cloud. Instance for can skip start-ups the procurement hardware and the phase of the expenditure capital. Thats why they can able to start their business quickly (Sosinsky). End-users benefit The cloud service End-user is basically are the most important users. Just for the cloud computing user end and the incentives are the similar of those enterprises and motivating to the organizations. Basically, they are requiring for the interface of easy-to-use. Reliable appropriately and the delivery of the timely service, about the information is to their services. With the help of the end-users cloud computing can information updated and access wherever are they, rather than to having back run to their office (Tarannum and Ahmed). Cause for adoption of cloud by an E-commerce company There are lots of important points for adoption of cloud by an E-commerce company. These are described below Security The security is the most important barrier for these e-commerce developments. Into the couple of years recent, there are very much of reports these about the database and websites hacked being into and holes security in the software. Lack of capital Main requirement for the activities of e-business are the large number of computer hardware. With the customer group expedition and data flow to increased, the enterprise needs to their updating of hardware and management there to improve of those kinds of infrastructure. This is also the main problem for many of organization that they afford cannot the cost of maintaining and purchasing the equipment. Supply chain management of bottleneck The supply chain management is the most important part at the time of doing business. Well relationship with the downstream and upstream organization is very much important for the successful enterprise. Mobile terminal Bottleneck As, the coming era of 3G, there are the steps of e-commerce mobile is into lives. According to the statistics latest from the ministry of industry and the technology of information, the numbers of mobile 3G users is increasing day by day. Now a days mobile phone have daily become necessities, they become will the one of the used most terminal for the e-commerce into the very near future (Wu et al.). Advantages of cloud computing There are several advantages of cloud based computing Virtual Racks imagine of servers, along humming into a data center. These services together become a massive resources pool. This pool divination is into the multiple numbers of virtual servers, and the cloud creation. This can be easily secured For the security utmost, create the private cloud on to the decided hardware. But the main thing is always must remember to put security appropriate measures in the place , doesn't matter about the choosing cloud. This is scalable and flexible This server are not physical, they are flexible, your requirement giving you in a moment. This can affordable and secured This hybrid cloud gives both of the benefit private and public cloud. Conclusion At the end, of this study this is clearly seen that in this generation of computing, cloud make his own position, now a days the computing to the cloud gets very much popular as this can applied everywhere libraries nearly; the service of the fire; small retailer need that to the secure websites of E-commerce. There are lots of benefit to the cloud provider these are like investment of existing leverage, making of money, defend the franchise, incumbent attack, customer relationship to leverage. There also the benefits of cloud consumer also like the operation cost reduction, end-user benefits. There are lots of cause for adoption of cloud by an E-commerce company these are the security, lack of capital, supply chain management of bottleneck (Alam). Reference list Alam, Mansaf. 'Cloud Algebra For Handling Unstructured Data In Cloud Database Management System'. International Journal on Cloud Computing: Services and Architecture 2.6 (2012): 35-42. Web. Chorafas, Dimitris N. Cloud Computing Strategies. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011. Print. Gorla, Narasimhaiah. 'Information Systems Service Quality, Zone Of Tolerance, And User Satisfaction'. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 24.2 (2012): 50-73. Web. Hochstein, Lorin, Brian Schott, and Robert B. Graybill. 'Computational Engineering In The Cloud'. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 23.4 (2011): 31-50. Web. Hwang, Yujong. 'End User Adoption Of Enterprise Systems In Eastern And Western Cultures'. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 24.4 (2012): 1-17. Web. LaBarge, Ralph. 'Cloud Penetration Testing'. International Journal on Cloud Computing: Services and Architecture 2.6 (2012): 43-62. Web. Morris, Jeremy. 'Sounds In The Cloud: Cloud Computing And The Digital Music Commodity'. First Monday 16.5 (2011): n. pag. Web. Rashidi, Ahmad. 'A Model For User Trust In Cloud Computing'. International Journal on Cloud Computing: Services and Architecture 2.2 (2012): 1-8. Web. Ritu Sharma, and Manu Sood. 'Enhancing Cloud SAAS Development With Model Driven Architecture'. International Journal on Cloud Computing: Services and Architecture 1.3 (2011): 89-102. Web. Sasikala, P. 'Cloud Computing Towards Technological Convergence'. International Journal of Cloud Applications and Computing 1.4 (2011): 44-59. Web. Singh, Jitendra, and Vikas Kumar. 'Implementation Of User-End Broker Policy To Improve The Reliability Of Cloud Services'. International Journal of Cloud Applications and Computing 3.4 (2013): 13-27. Web. Sosinsky, Barrie A. Cloud Computing Bible. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley, 2011. Print. Tarannum, Narzu, and Nova Ahmed. 'Efficient And Reliable Hybrid Cloud Architecture For Big Database'. International Journal on Cloud Computing: Services and Architecture 3.6 (2013): 17-29. Web. Wu, Ji Yi et al. 'Cloud Computing: Cloud Security To Trusted Cloud'. AMR 186 (2011): 596-600. Web.

John Gardner, Grendel Essay Example

John Gardner, Grendel Essay Grendel by John Gardner In the novel Grendel, by John Gardner, the main character Grendel encounters two other characters who greatly influence his view about the world around him. One of which is The Sharper and the other is the dragon. They both influence Grendels views on life in a unique ways especially since he looks at his life as isolation due to his communication. The Dragon, is an interesting and intelligent character who claims to know everything. Hes a huge, red/golden dragon that lives in a cave filled with gold and gems. The dragon sees the world as a meaningless place which wore ff onto Grendel after their encounter. When Grendel arrived at the cave, the dragon was waiting for him and took full advantage of Grendels fear of him. On page 58 the dragon said, Ah Grendel. YouVe come! This shows the dragon was waiting for his arrival. They were talking about the Shaper and such. However, after this encounter with the dragon, Grendel sees the world as a meaningless place. The dragon influenced Grendels overall looks on life by pushing him even more towards isolation. The other character that influences how Grendel views his life of isolation is known s the Sharper. The Sharper represents the power of art and imagination to the people he tells his tails too. His positive attitude and spirits lifted Grendel up and brought hope into his life. The author gave such an important character very little characterization. Grendel is a very unique character that you need to take time to understand his full character. He views his life as isolation because of his relationships with humans and the way he reacts to others. He lacks communication because every time he tries to interact with humans, it ends in frustration and isappointment. We will write a custom essay sample on John Gardner, Grendel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on John Gardner, Grendel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on John Gardner, Grendel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Unfortunately most of the time he finds himself trapped in a state of mind where its a one-way communication or talking to things such as the sky and gets no response. Even his own mother is unable to communicate with him. On page 56, it says She whimpered one sound: Dool-dool! Dool-dool! And the hardest part is that Grendel and humans share a common language however the humans disgust and fear of him overrule all of that. Grendel is Just a character who you truly have to have your eyes and ears open to understand him.

The Affect or Effect Conundrum and How to Solve It

The Affect or Effect Conundrum and How to Solve It Lets face it- the English language has some confusing grammar rules. In fact, some words in the English language are so confusing that incorrect usage is more common than correct usage- and affect vs. effect are two such words!A problem many people have with understanding the difference between affect and effect is that there is only one letter that distinguishes the two from each other. Beyond that, affect is defined as to have an effect on so their definitions are similar. Then, both words sound almost the same when spoken quickly, creating further confusion. So, lets take a look at these two words and discuss a failproof way to remember the difference between them.AffectAffect is a verb that means to have an effect on; make a difference to; touch the feelings of (someone); move emotionally. However, there is one instance in which affect is a noun- when it refers to the way someone carries themselves or their outward demeanor. This usage of affect is uncommon, so it isnt a context youll encounter often unless youre in certain fields, where someone might refer to the patients affect (in psychology), meaning their disposition and how they outwardly present themselves.Examples:The extra side dish doesnt affect the cost of the mealIt doesnt affect me to watch sad movies, so I usually only laugh at them.EffectEffect is almost always a noun and can mean: a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause; an impression produced in the mind of a person. Effect can also mean: the lighting, sound, or scenery used in a play, movie, or broadcast, as in movie special effects.Examples:The effect of that movie on the audience is undeniable.Those lights have a nice effect on the look of the painting.And since it seems to be impossible to have an easy time with these two words, there is also one instance in which effect is used as a verb. When you effect change, you bring about change, and youll see it almost always combined with change in this context.The Raven EffectIf you want an easy mnemonic device to help with the affect vs. effect conundrum, you can think of the word RAVEN to Remember Affect is a Verb and Effect is a Noun. Just keep in mind that there are a few instances where this isnt always the case, but for most contexts and of the words, it is.Affect vs. Effect in a nutshell

Diversity in the workplace Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diversity in the workplace - Term Paper Example Helping understand the concept of diversity, let us take the example of a family system. An entire family consists of individual persons- for example, obviously different sexes, different groups of age, belief systems being different too, bringing up of these individuals and having different values etc. Now why an entire family is like it is. The answer to this question is that there is a want and need to learn about each other and be a part of each other’s lives. Without this, the family system would not be present, like it is today. Usually, the Human Resource Department plays an important part in diversity planning and leadership to build and empower an organizational custom that promotes a respectful, inclusive, knowledge-based atmosphere where each employee has the opportunity to learn, nurture and meaningfully add value to the organizations achievement. Many multinational corporations and big firms have found it a need of the hour that diversity is essential for any business’s success. It helps in retaining employees that are efficient and hard working, lowering the costs by having in-house skills developers, and having a goodwill that is there for the overall betterment of the company. Talking about multinational companies, let us take the example of Coca Cola. Initially Coke has its headquarters at Atlanta, but its business is all over the world and more than fifty percent of the revenue comes from outside the USA. The only reason for doing so is that, Coke believes in diverse workforce and wherever it has gone, it has looked after its employees. They give the locals, key positions in the firm, and listen to what ideas they provide. Obviously, locals are residing there, and they know the market there well. Now if Coke, used the same technique and strategy to sell its products say in India, as it did in the US, straight away failure would be there.

Personal Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Ethics - Research Paper Example My personal opinion on ideology to cultivate a better human character, therefore, is largely based upon the notion of developing all these character traits in an individual’s personality and life. Businesses being the major part of the modern life also need to depict an ethical business behavior, because their behavior must be in consistence with the values and ethics as agreed by society. Failure of any business to actually comply with what society considers as acceptable and ethically good must be a top priority of all the business. As such it is critically important that our ethical system - whether it is at the personal or business level - must demonstrate certain principles which ultimately shape our real character and orientation towards society and how we approach it. It is critical for the reason that we must first describe our underlying ethical principles. My individual ethical system is based upon the ideology of cultivating character which is based upon the traits described above. I honestly believe that in order to live an ethical life, it is critically important to first actually develop the character. Cultivating fairness, honesty and showing responsibility are some of the basic ingredients of my ethical system. (Josephson Institute, 2012). The primary principles of my ethical system include living with honesty, fairness, and duty realization while at the same time complying with the morals, ethics and values set by the society in which I live. Religion has been one of the keys to shape my overall ethical system, as I believe that it has the power to actually shape the way we make distinction between right and wrong. Apart from this, my experience with the world, so far, has also provided me an insight into developing an ethical system based upon the notions outlined above. I truly believe that my ethical system is a duty

General Mills Financial Analysis Essay Example for Free

General Mills Financial Analysis Essay From ready-to-eat cereal to convenient meals to wholesome snacks, General Mills is one of the biggest food products manufacturers and competes in growing food categories that are on-trend with consumer tastes around the world. The company markets many well-known brands, such as Haagen Daazs, Yoplait, Betty Crocker, Totinos, and Cheerios, among others. Main rivals include Kellogg, Kraft, Conagra Foods, and Sara Lee. General Mills sells its products in three segments: U.S. retail (63% of net sales), International (25% of net sales), and Bakeries and Foodservices (12% of net sales). In addition, General Mills sells cereals and ice cream through its Cereal Partners Worldwide and Haagen Daazs Japan joint ventures. General Mills continues building its presence in developed markets and increasing presence in emerging markets worldwide by investing in established brands while also developing new products. The company’s goal is to generate balanced, long term growth. Profitable performance through the past years General Mills has shown a strong profitable performance during the past years. The company has achieved during the last 3 years an average RoE of 28% supported by strong efficiency, financial leverage, and a moderate profitability ratio given the nature of the business. This has resulted in a positive trend of the share price that delivered 3 year returns of 44% from 2009. The upward trend in RoE that peaked in 2011 reaching 30.6% reversed in 2012 that closed with a RoE of 24.5%. The RoE drop of c. 600 bps in 2012 compared to 2011 is explained by a reduction in profitability that was affected by high input-cost inflation primarily in food ingredients and energy that was not fully transferred to customers (370 bps Gross Profit Margin drop). Performance was also affected by restructuring actions (60 bps impact on profitability) taken to improve organizational effectiveness to drive future growth. General Mills managed to continue improving efficiency as the increase in sales (3 Years CAGR of 6.7%) outpaced the average assets growth (3 Years CAGR of 5.8%), reachin g in 2012 the highest efficiency ratio (83.8%) of the past 3 years. Efficiency improvement was primarily supported by inventory reduction efforts that, coupled with increase in accounts payable derived from shifts in timing of payments, reduced the cash conversion cycle to 43 days. It is worth noting that during fiscal 2012 the balance sheet had an important growth as a result of the acquisition of the international Yoplait business, including goodwill and other intangible assets of $2.3 bn USD. Sales growth also benefited from the acquisition and will be discussed in the next section. General Mills runs a leveraged operation where, in average, the total assets are 3 times shareholders equity. Leverage ratio has decreased since 2010 as retained earnings have increased at a faster pace than assets driven by strong business performance. A slight revamp in the leverage ratio during fiscal 2012 was mainly driven by an increase in other comprehensive losses related to pensions and postemployment activity, and foreign currency translation that offset retained earnings for the same period. Sustainable growth while generating strong levels of cash flows General Mills has shown a strong, sustainable growth throughout the last years. Net sales increase has been driven by a moderate average growth in the US Retail segment (3.8%), coupled with the expansion in the International business (13.4%). The big year on year increase of 12% in fiscal 2012 is driven by the acquisition of the international Yoplait yogurt business that contributed 7 points of sales growth, while underlying business grew 5%. It is important to note that sales growth has been mainly driven by volume growth with a slight component of net price increase and a favorable mix. Segment Operating Profit has also maintained a sustainable growth. The slowdown during fiscal 2012 and drop of Gross Profit Margin is driven by high input-cost inflation as previously mentioned. Despite high costs, the company managed to increase segment operating profit to exceed $3bn for the first time in the company’s history. General Mills has managed to generate strong levels of cash flowacross the years. Over the most recent 5 years, the company operations have generated almost $10bn USD in cash. A significant portion of this cash has been returned to stockholders through dividends and shares repurchase. In addition, this cash is used to fund Capital expenditure. In the most recent year, the company operations generated $2.4bn of cash compared to $1.5bn in the prior year. The major increase is driven by a favorable change in working capital supported by inventory reduction efforts, prepaid expenses, and other current assets. Cash used by investing activities had a significant increase in fiscal 2012 that is mainly explained by the acquisition of international Yoplait ($1bn USD). General Mills invested in fiscal 2012 c. $700m USD in land, buildings and equipment, similar to previous years. Cash used by financing activities includes a constant payment of dividends and purchase of treasury stock in the last years. In addition, General Mills has been actively managing their cost of funds by issuing / pre-paying long term debt and commercial paper as convenient. General Mills performance has outpaced main competitors in the recent years General Mills strong performance is accentuated when benchmarked against Kellog Co, another of the key food producers. Both companies present similar profitability with General Mills having a lower gross profit margin compensated by lower marketing investment and general expenses. Nevertheless, General Mills has managed to grow sales and has delivered higher returns at a faster pace than Kellog. In addition, General Mills produces higher levels of free cash flow and has grown dividends per share faster. Finally, Kellog has a heavy debt load while General Mills has lower leverage ratio. Solid position to face a challenging, uncertain future In a nutshell, General Mills has shown a strong performance in the recent years and has outperformed his competitors mainly in compound growth rates and value creation. A challenging future lies ahead with uncertain economic environment and increase in commodity costs. Pricing strategy to maintain margin while not impacting market share will play a key variable in the company’s performance. Strong brands, innovations, expansion in diversified markets, and solid cash position and moderate leverage should support General Mills to face these challenges and continue creating value in the following years.

Comparison of Shakespeares Sonnet 73 and Sonnet 116 :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparison of Shakespeare's Sonnet 73 and Sonnet 116      Ã‚   William Shakespeare, in his Sonnet 73 and Sonnet 116, sets forth his vision of the unchanging, persistent and immovable nature of true love. According to Shakespeare, love is truly  Ã‚   "till death do us part," and possibly beyond.   Physical infirmity, the ravages of age, or even   one's partner's inconstancy have no effect upon the affections of one who sincerely loves.   His notion of love is not a romantic one in which an idealized vision of a lover is embraced.   Instead he recognizes the weaknesses to which we, as humans, are subject, but still asserts that love conquers all.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare uses an array of figurative language to convey his message, including metaphor and personification.   Thus, in sonnet 73, he compares himself to a grove of trees in early winter, "When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,..."   These lines seem to refer to an aged, balding man, bundled unsuccessfully against the weather. Perhaps, in a larger sense, they refer to that time in our lives when our faculties are diminished and we can no longer easily withstand the normal blows of life.   He regards his body as a temple- a "Bare ruined choir[s]"- where sweet birds used to sing, but it is a body now going to ruin.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Sonnet 116, love is seen as the North Star, the fixed point of guidance to ships lost upon the endless sea of the world.   It is the point of reference and repose in this stormy, troubled world, "an ever-fixed mark That looks on tempests and is never shaken;..."      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He personifies the coming of the end of his life as night, which is described as "Death's second self" in sonnet 73.   However, in Sonnet 116 death appears in the guise of the grim reaper, Father Time, who mows down all of our youth, but still cannot conquer love- "Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks within his bending sickle's compass come;..."      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While both poems make use of figurative language, sonnet 73 uses far more imagery than sonnet 116.   Sonnet 73 uses the image of the close of man's life as a wintry grove with the few remaining leaves shivering in the cold. Comparison of Shakespeare's Sonnet 73 and Sonnet 116 :: comparison compare contrast essays Comparison of Shakespeare's Sonnet 73 and Sonnet 116      Ã‚   William Shakespeare, in his Sonnet 73 and Sonnet 116, sets forth his vision of the unchanging, persistent and immovable nature of true love. According to Shakespeare, love is truly  Ã‚   "till death do us part," and possibly beyond.   Physical infirmity, the ravages of age, or even   one's partner's inconstancy have no effect upon the affections of one who sincerely loves.   His notion of love is not a romantic one in which an idealized vision of a lover is embraced.   Instead he recognizes the weaknesses to which we, as humans, are subject, but still asserts that love conquers all.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare uses an array of figurative language to convey his message, including metaphor and personification.   Thus, in sonnet 73, he compares himself to a grove of trees in early winter, "When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,..."   These lines seem to refer to an aged, balding man, bundled unsuccessfully against the weather. Perhaps, in a larger sense, they refer to that time in our lives when our faculties are diminished and we can no longer easily withstand the normal blows of life.   He regards his body as a temple- a "Bare ruined choir[s]"- where sweet birds used to sing, but it is a body now going to ruin.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Sonnet 116, love is seen as the North Star, the fixed point of guidance to ships lost upon the endless sea of the world.   It is the point of reference and repose in this stormy, troubled world, "an ever-fixed mark That looks on tempests and is never shaken;..."      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He personifies the coming of the end of his life as night, which is described as "Death's second self" in sonnet 73.   However, in Sonnet 116 death appears in the guise of the grim reaper, Father Time, who mows down all of our youth, but still cannot conquer love- "Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks within his bending sickle's compass come;..."      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While both poems make use of figurative language, sonnet 73 uses far more imagery than sonnet 116.   Sonnet 73 uses the image of the close of man's life as a wintry grove with the few remaining leaves shivering in the cold.

Cell Phones Effect on Society

RBMOnline – Vol 18. No 1. 2009 148-157 Reproductive BioMedicine Online; www. rbmonline. com/Article/3628 on web 3 November 2008 Review Cell phones: modern man’s nemesis? Ashok Agarwal is a Professor in the Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University and the Director of Center for Reproductive Medicine, and the Clinical Andrology Laboratory at The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.He has published over 400 scientific articles, reviews and book chapters in different areas of andrology, male/ female infertility and fertility preservation. His research program is known internationally for its focus on disease-oriented cutting edge research in the field of human reproduction. His team has presented over 700 papers at national and international meetings and more than 150 scientists, clinicians and biologists have received their training in his laboratory.Dr Ashok Agarwal Kartikeya Makker1, Alex Varghese1, Nisarg R Desai1, Rand Mouradi2, Ashok Agarwal1,3 1 Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; 2Department of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 3 Correspondence: Tel: +1 216 444 9485; Fax: +1 216 445 6049; e-mail: [email  protected] org Abstract Over the past decade, the use of mobile phones has increased significantly.However, with every technological development comes some element of health concern, and cell phones are no exception. Recently, various studies have highlighted the negative effects of cell phone exposure on human health, and concerns about possible hazards related to cell phone exposure have been growing. This is a comprehensive, up-to-the-minute overview of the effects of cell phone exposure on human health.The types of cell phones and cell phone technologies currently used in the world are discussed in an attempt to improve the understanding of the technical aspects, including the effect of cell phone exposure on the cardiovascular system, sleep and cognitive function, as well as localized and general adverse effects, genotoxicity potential, neurohormonal secretion and tumour induction. The proposed echanisms by which cell phones adversely affect various aspects of human health, and male fertility in particular, are explained, and the emerging molecular techniques and approaches for elucidating the effects of mobile phone radiation on cellular physiology using high-throughput screening techniques, such as metabolomics and microarrays, are discussed. A novel study is described, which is looking at changes in semen parameters, oxidative stress markers and sperm DNA damage in semen samples exposed in vitro to cell phone radiation.Keywords: biophysics, cell phone, general health, infertility, radiofrequency electromagnetic waves, RF-EMW Introduction Cell phone usage has increased by leaps and bounds in the past decade and a half. From being a luxury limited to the wealthy, cell phones have b ecome a commodity, virtually indispensable in daily lives. However, every technological advance and its overuse have a negative aspect. The increase in popularity of cell phones is accompanied by a growing concern regarding the harmful effects of cell phone radiation (radiofrequency electromagnetic waves; RF-EMW) exposure on human health.An earlier report of the Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, established by the UK government, summarized the relevant studies on the biological effects of RF-EMW (Huber et al. , 2000). Since then, a flurry of scientific activities has attempted to define and quantify the adverse effects of RF-EMW. Despite the increasing number of reports concerning the effects of RF-EMW on various biological systems, no satisfactory mechanism has been proposed to explain the effects of this radiation (Feychting, 2005).Although cell phone companies constantly reassure their subscribers about the safety of their product, reports based on animal and human exper iments showing adverse effects of cell phones on biological systems have surfaced. According to various reports, excessive cell phone usage has led to fatigue, headache, decreased concentration and local irritation and burning (Sandstrom et al. , 2001). The possible role of cell phone exposure on tumour induction also has been proposed in an epidemiological study (Hardell et al. , 2006).Recent studies also have highlighted the role of cell phone exposure on sperm motility, morphology and viability, thus proposing a reduction in male fertilizing potential (Agarwal et al. , 2008). Other reports suggest that RF-EMW may lead to DNA damage and chromosomal instability (Diem et al. , 2005). Even though the current research may have been inconclusive, it still has been successful in providing preliminary data and identifying trends on both sides of the argument that cell phone exposure may lead to harmful effects on human health.These 148  © 2009 Published by Reproductive Healthcare Ltd, Duck End Farm, Dry Drayton, Cambridge CB23 8DB, UK Review – Cell phones: modern man’s nemesis? – K Makker et al. studies have been handicapped by many drawbacks in design and methodology. In particular, comparing animal models with humans (Cairnie and Harding, 1981) is impractical. Differences in geometry, size and physiological responses between man and experimental animals imply that the results in animal studies should be interpreted with caution.Experimental approaches involving animal studies and in-vitro studies, along with high-throughput screening techniques like transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, can augment the validity of epidemiological studies addressing the effect of RF-EMW on reproductive tissues, cells and functions. Recent studies using these approaches have yielded interesting clues on the effect of RF-EMW at the cellular and molecular levels. This article highlights the adverse affects of RF-EMW on human biological systems by review ing relevant studies and recent research to aid in deeper understanding of this important health issue.The novel study currently being carried out in the centre is briefly discussed. 1900 MHz), and they have the capacity to switch automatically among these four frequencies. Specific absorption rate (SAR) is the energy flow per unit of mass (watts/kg; W/kg). It is a measurement of the power or heat absorbed by the tissue either in a local area of a human tissue or averaged over the whole body. In the USA, the SAR of cell phones varies from 0. 12–1. 6 W/kg. Standards are designed to limit the SAR in the body to safety levels. The Federal Communications Commission has set a SAR safety limit of 1. W/kg, averaged over a volume of 1 g of tissue, for most parts of the body (see website). Exposure guidelines for RF protection had adopted the value of 4 W/kg averaged over the whole body (SARWB) ‘as the threshold for the induction of adverse thermal effects associated with an inc rease of the body core temperature of about 1 °C in animal experiments’ (Barnes and Greenebaum, 2007). Cell phone radiation output power is measured in units of watts or dBm (decibel referenced to 1 mW). Usually cell phones with higher frequency are assigned less output power. Cell phones commonly used these days operate at an output power of less than 1 W.Power density is a term for characterizing an RF electromagnetic field. It is defined as the power per unit area and is measured in units of mW/m2 or  µW/cm2 (Food and Drug Administration website). Maximum permissible exposures are based on SAR and power density measurements. The Federal Communications Commission has established safety standards on power density for cell phone base station antenna using 1900 MHz band for the general population an uncontrolled exposure of 1000  µW/cm2, and for the 850 MHz band the maximum exposure allowed is about 580  µW/cm2, as averaged over any 30-min period.Recent studies demonst rated that RF-EMW emitted from commercially available cell phones have no thermal effects (Straume et al. , 2005; Anderson and Rowley, 2007; Yan et al. , 2007). An overview of cell phone technology Telecommunications technology has advanced rapidly and explosively in recent years. The earliest, fully automatic cellular phone systems that were used were called Nordic mobile telephone, now classified as first-generation cellular phones. Introduced in the late 1970s and early 1980s, they were based on analogue technology.The second-generation cell phones that replaced the older analogue type are based on digital technology. These digital models have increased voice capacity, provided faster data transfer speeds, longer battery life, less power use and better signal quality than the firstgeneration cell phones. The cell phone technologies that are commonly used nowadays are the global system for mobile communication (GSM) and code division multiple access (CDMA). Both of these technolog ies are used by cell phone companies in the USA.The GSM technology uses narrow-band time division multiple access (TDMA), whereas CDMA incorporates the wider band that allows more users without interference and better security by providing every user with a unique code. The third-generation cell phones, which may be available for general use in the near future, consist of universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS)/wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) and the high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) phones.The UMTS utilizes a GSM infrastructure with a W-CDMA air interface (the specification of the radio transmission between a mobile phone and the base station), which adds advantages to UMTS over GSM technology. The HSDPA is based on the W-CDMA technology with improved downlink speed that allows even higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Cell phones in the USA operate on the frequency bands of 850 MHz and 1900 MHz. In most other parts of the world, the frequency bands used are 900 MHz and 1800 MHz.The newer phones offer a quad-band feature, which means that they can operate on the four common frequencies (850/900/1800 and RBMOnline ® Effect of RF-EMW on general health This section provides a discussion of the various aspects of human health that have been proposed to be, or actually are, affected by cell phone radiation (RF-EMW) (Figure 1). Effect on cardiovascular system (CVS) Braune et al. (1998) exposed human volunteers to RF-EMW and reported an increase in blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) on exposure to RF-EMW at 900 MHz for 35 min.Blood pressure increased by 5–10 mmHg, accompanied by a significant decrease in capillary perfusion due to vasoconstriction. They demonstrated, however, that autoregulatory blood pressure mechanisms were intact, as shown by a decrease in heart rate to nullify the increase in blood pressure. In a follow-up study done by the same group to corroborate their previous findings, a statisticall y significant increase in blood pressure was shown, but the analysis of variance showed that the changes were independent of EMW exposure (Braune et al. , 2002).Later, Tahvanainen et al. (2004) demonstrated cell phone exposure does not acutely change arterial blood pressure and heart rate. 149 Review – Cell phones: modern man’s nemesis? – K Makker et al. Figure 1. Effect of electromagnetic radiation from cell phone usage on various human systems. OS = oxidative stress. In an animal study, Ozguner et al. (2005) reported increase in oxidative stress in rat myocardium on exposure to 900 MHz RF-EMW (30 min/day, for 10 days). kit or using a landline phone to reduce cell phone exposure (Oftedal et al. , 2000).The generation of reactive oxygen species by RF-EMW exposure is still to be proven convincingly, although many groups have provided evidence in animal-based studies. An increase in kidney tissue malonaldehyde and urine N-acetyl-? d-glucosaminidase and decrease in renal superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were reported by Oktem et al. (2005). Similar results were shown by another investigator (Irmak et al. , 2002), who provided evidence in favour of EMW-induced oxidative stress. They showed an increase in superoxide dismutase activity and a decrease in nitric oxide concentrations in sera.Conversely, no change was seen in the concentration of intracellular oxidants [oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) accumulation, oxidation of thiol] and antioxidants (CuZn-superoxide dismutase, catalase) in cells exposed to radiofrequency radiation (CDMA and GSM, 835– 847 MHz for 20–22 h) (Hook et al. , 2004). Effect on sleep Despite concerns that sleep patterns are disturbed due to excessive cell phone usage, Huber et al. (2000) did not report any significant change in sleep quality, sleep latency and rapid-eye-movement sleep latency in healthy young men exposed to 900 MHz for 30 min.The only effect reported was an increa se in electroencephalogram power density during the first 30 min of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, especially ? waves and sleep spindles (the type of sleep waves seen with an electroencephalogram). They concluded that the effect of RF-EMW exposure was transitory, limited to the initial phase of sleep and outlasting the RF-EMW exposure. Recently, Perentos et al. (2007) found no significant change in resting electroencephalogram on human volunteers exposed to RF-EMW. Cell phones and neurohormonal secretionVarious epidemiological studies have highlighted effects of cell phone usage on neurohormonal secretion. Conflicting results have been reported by different groups regarding the effect of cell phones on melatonin secretion. De Seze et al. (1999) reported no change in maximum serum concentration (P = 0. 63), the time of peak concentration (P = 0. 49) and area under curve (P = 0. 56) of the hormonal profile. On the other hand, Burch et al. (2002) concluded that subjects with cell phone usage >25 min/day had lower creatinine-adjusted mean nocturnal concentrations of a melatonin metabolite, 6-hydroxymelatonin sulphate (6-OHMS), (P = 0. 5) and lower overnight 6-OHMS excretion (P = 0. 03). They concluded that prolonged usage of cell phones may lead to reduced melatonin production. Djeridane et al. (2008) demonstrated 900 MHz RFEMW would not significantly affect endocrine functions in men. RBMOnline ® Local and general adverse effects Sandstrom et al. (2001), in a questionnaire-based study involving some 17,000 respondents, showed that cell phone usage led to complaints such as warmth on and behind the ear (31%), fatigue (28%), headache (21. 4%), decreased concentration (15%), dizziness (10%), memory loss (9%), and tingling and numbness (6. 7%).They also concluded that a statistically significant positive trend was shown by warmth and neurasthenic symptoms (headache, fatigue) with calling time and number of calls per day. They proposed that these changes were due to either radiofrequency exposure or thermal effects of EMW. Of all the people who attributed these symptoms to cell phone usage, 45% of them took steps such as reducing calling time, changing cell phone model, using a hands-free 150 Review – Cell phones: modern man’s nemesis? – K Makker et al. Effects on cognitive function Preece et al. (1999) exposed human volunteers to RF-EMW and reported that the nly cognitive function test that altered post-RF-EMW exposure is choice reaction time, leading to an increase in responsiveness. They reported no change in word, number or picture recall or any change in spatial memory. They proposed that the increase in responsiveness was due to a mild local thermal effect of EMW on angular gyrus (the interface between visual and speech centres) or to mechanisms mediated by heat shock proteins. They also concluded that memory is not commonly affected by cell phone exposure as the memory area of the brain (hippocampus) is deep seated i n the medial temporal lobe of the brain.Later, Regel et al. (2007) demonstrated RFEMW exposure reduces reaction speed and increased accuracy in working-memory tasks. As discussed previously, recent studies reported that RF-EMW emitted from commercially available cell phones have no thermal effect (Straume et al. , 2005; Anderson and Rowley, 2007; Yan et al. , 2007). However, several views were proposed to elucidate the disruption of metabolic pathways by RF-EMW. Some of these views are based on experimental evidences and some on hypothetical models. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, an important enzyme in the citric acid cycle, is one of the targets of cell phone radiation.Alteration in the enzyme activity leads to decreased production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in mammalian cells (Nylund and Leszczynski, 2004). Since sperm motility depends on the active generation of ATP, such a mechanism might cause the decline in sperm motility during RF exposure. Spermatozoa lose their cytoplasm po st-spermiation, leading to the loss of their antioxidant protective mechanism and rendering them inherently vulnerable to induction of DNA damage. They are differentiated to the point that they cannot undergo apoptosis in response to any form of severe genetic damage (Aitken, 1999).In addition, during the process of maturation, spermatozoa are separated from the Sertoli cells, their nursing cells. Several investigators have demonstrated an increase in DNA fragmentation in a variety of human and animal cells following cell phone exposure (Lai and Singh, 1996; Diem et al. , 2005; Panagopoulos et al. , 2007). Lai and Singh showed that exposing rats (n = 16) for 2 h to pulsed 2- µs pulse width, 500 pulses/s and continuous wave (2450 MHz) leads to an increase in breaks of single-stranded DNA (P < 0. 01) and double-stranded DNA (P < 0. 01) in rat brain cells.They proposed that this could be due to either direct EMWmediated effects or a defect in DNA repair mechanisms. In contrast, sever al studies found no effect of EMW on genotoxicity. Stronati et al. (2006) demonstrated no effects of RF exposure on DNA strand breakage (assessed by COMET assay), unstable chromosomal alterations (assessed by metaphase analysis) or alterations in the speed of in-vitro cell cycling (assessed by nuclear division index) in lymphocytes in their experiment involving exposure of human blood samples to RF (24 h, 935 MHz). A large-scale in-vitro study conducted by Sakuma et al. 2006) concluded that RF-EMW from mobile phone radio base stations do not act as a genotoxicant (at SAR up to 800 mW/kg). The induction of DNA damage in spermatozoa has been associated with male infertility, early pregnancy loss and morbidity in the offspring, including childhood cancer (Aitken, 1999). Aitken et al. (2005) demonstrated that exposure of mice to RF-EMW, 900 MHz, 12 h/day for 7 days led to damage to both the mitochondrial and nuclear genome of epididymal spermatozoa (P < 0. 01). However, currently no hum an studies are available demonstrating DNA damage in sperm cells by RF radiation exposure.Several animal studies have attempted to highlight histological changes in testicular tissue on exposure to RF-EMW. Dasdag et al. (1999) demonstrated a decrease in mean seminiferous tubule diameter in rats (n = 18) by exposing them to an 890–915 MHz cell phone, 2 h/day for 30 days (P < 0. 05). However, a similar study carried out later by the same group did not reveal any statistically significant result of cell phone exposure on seminiferous tubular diameter, lipid composition, malonaldehyde Tumorigenesis Carcinogenic potential of cell phone radiation is one of the most conflicting aspect in various studies conducted by several groups.Following public concern that cell phone exposure may lead to cancer, Hardell et al. (2006) conducted an epidemiological questionnaire-based study and concluded that astrocytoma (grade III–IV) and acoustic neuroma did show a positive correlation wit h cell phone usage, and the odds ratio increased with latency (10 years). However, no increased risk was shown with astrocytoma (grade I–II), non-Hodgkin lymphoma, salivary tumours or testicular tumours. With regard to testicular tumours, they concluded that the risk of seminoma and non-seminoma was not increased, a dose–response effect was not observed, and he location of the cell phone was not associated with testicular cancers (Hardell et al. , 2007). Other scientists have concluded that the current evidence for a causal association between cancer and EMW exposure is weak and unconvincing (Colonna, 2005). Cell phone and effects on male fertility Pathophysiology Despite reports from numerous groups suggesting a possible role of cell phone exposure in male infertility, the exact mechanism of the effects of EMW on male reproductive system is yet to be elucidated. Though various effects have been proposed, foolproof experimental evidences are lacking to substantiate it. Human testes need physiological temperatures 2 °C lower than body temperature for optimal spermatogenesis. Highintensity RF has heating properties that lead to thermal effects on the testes. An increase in testicular or body temperature on exposure to EMW may cause reversible disruption of spermatogenesis (Kandeel and Swerdloff, 1988; Jung and Schill, 2000). EMW can also affect reproductive function via an EMW-specific effect (a ‘microwave’ effect produced by an increase in tissue temperature less than its normal temperature fluctuation) or in combination with the thermal molecular effect (Blackwell, 1979). 51 RBMOnline ® Review – Cell phones: modern man’s nemesis? – K Makker et al. concentration, sperm count or sperm morphology (Dasdag et al. , 2003). Ribeiro et al. (2007) also did not find any significant adverse effect of cellular phone exposure (GSM 1835–1850 MHz exposure, 1 h/day for 11 weeks) on rat testicular histology and function . However results of in-vitro studies are conflicting. An in-vitro study divided neat semen samples from healthy volunteers (n = 27) into two parts and one part was exposed to 900 MHz EMW for 5 min.Compared with the unexposed sample, the exposed sample was found to have a significant decrease in rapid progressive motility (Grade A, P = 0. 0007), an increase in slow progressive motility (Grade B, P = 0. 0007) and an increase in the percentage of immotile spermatozoa (Grade D, P = 0. 0003) (Erogul et al. , 2006). Recently, Falzone et al. (2008) studied the effect of pulsed 900 MHz radiation on various kinetic parameters and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)of purified human spermatozoa (by percoll density gradient). They found significant decrease in straight-line velocity and beatcross frequency at an SAR of 5. W/kg. However, at an SAR of 2. 0 W/kg they found no significant change in any kinetic parameters, including MMP. Significant changes in sperm morphology were not reported in the animal studies carried out by Dasdag et al. (1999, 2003). Similarly no significant (P > 0. 05) alteration in morphology was reported by another group based on their animal experiment (Yan et al. , 2007). However, the same group reported that 80% of the slides in the exposed group showed large clumps of sperm cells that were able only to turn about in their position and were not able to break free.On the other hand, significant data were brought out in a study in which 15. 3% of men using cell phones sporadically for 1–2 years had only 10–19% normal spermatozoa, and 15. 3% had total azoospermia, whereas men frequently using cell phones for >2 years had only 8. 3% normal spermatozoa, and 22. 9% showed total azoospermia (Wdowiak et al. , 2007). EMW and semen parameters The effects of cell phone exposure on male fertility have been studied exhaustively in recent years (Deepinder et al. , 2007).The effects on sperm concentration, motility and morphology have been ev aluated in many animal and human studies, but results are inconclusive. Motility is the only parameter that the majority of studies have shown to be significantly affected. The need to further evaluate the effects of EMW on sperm morphology, viability and concentration still exists. Dasdag et al. (1999) reported a decrease in sperm count; however, the decline was not statistically significant (P > 0. 05), and they were not able to repeat the same results later in a similar study (Dasdag et al. 2003). Another group reported that exposure of rats (n = 16) to a 1. 9 Hz cell phone from a distance of 1 cm for 6 h/ day for 18 weeks did not lead to significant decline in sperm concentration. The exposure group had a mean sperm count of 7. 45 ? 107  ± 1. 03 ? 107 sperm cells/ml, and the non-exposed group had a mean sperm count of 7. 7 ? 107  ± 8. 11 ? 106 sperm cells/ml (P > 0. 05) (Yan et al. , 2007). In an epidemiological study, researchers concluded that no statistically significant (P > 0. 05, chi-squared test = 1. 8) difference in sperm count resulted from cell phone exposure (Wdowiak et al. , 2007). In a study carried out by this centre, a significant decline in sperm count was demonstrated in men who used cell phones for >4 h/ day (n = 114, count 50. 30  ± 41. 92 ? 106/ml) as compared with those who did not use cell phones at all (n = 40, count 85. 89  ± 35. 56 ? 106/ml) (P < 0. 0001) (Agarwal et al. , 2008). As mentioned earlier, motility is the only parameter that consistently has been shown to decline in studies carried out by various groups.In a study involving 371 men presenting for an infertility workup, duration of possession and daily transmission time of cell phones correlated negatively with the proportion of rapid progressive motile spermatozoa (r = –0. 12 and r = –0. 19, P < 0. 01) and positively with the proportion of slow progressive motile spermatozoa (r = 0. 12 and r = 0. 28, P < 0. 01) (Fejes et al. , 2005). The same group also concluded that low transmitter (60 min/ day) groups also differed in the proportion of rapid progressive motile spermatozoa (48. 7% versus 40. 6%, P < 0. 01).Wdowiak et al. (2007) reported that 65. 7% of men not using cell phones had >50% (WHO category A + B) sperm motility, whereas only 35. 4% of men who frequently used cell phones had >50% (A + B) sperm motility. Agarwal et al. (2008) had shown a significant reduction in motility of spermatozoa in men using cell phones >4 h/day versus men not using them at all (67. 80  ± 6. 16% versus 44. 81  ± 16. 30%, P < 0. 0001). In an animal-based study, a significant decrease in sperm motility on exposure to cell phone (n = 16, P < 0. 05) was reported (Yan et al. , 2007).The researchers also reported that the majority of sperm cells in the exposure group were dead (live cells 44. 88  ± 20. 66%); in the control group, the majority of sperm cells were alive with constant, active motility (live cells 70. 93  ± 12. 94%). Transcript omics and proteomics in elucidation of biological response of cell phone radiation Research over the last two decades on the effect of RFEMW has yielded controversial results. It is said that even an extensive epidemiological study might not be sufficient to elucidate the health effects of electromagnetic radiations because of the low sensitivity of this approach.Hence, to validate the results from epidemiological studies, further data from animal and in-vitro studies needs to be analysed. Several lines of evidences suggest that the novel methodologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics could help in the search for clues to the negative impact of cell phone radiation on human health. High-throughput screening techniques combined with modern bioinformatics could be used to pick up minute variations, like those caused by RF-EMW affecting protein or gene expression, that might be of insufficient magnitude to alter cell physiology or give any phenotypic alteration (Fig ure 2).Heat shock proteins (Hsp), which are molecular chaperones, comprise a group of highly conserved, abundantly expressed proteins with diverse functions, including the assembly and sequestering of multiprotein complexes, transportation of nascent polypeptide chains across cellular membranes, and regulation of protein folding. Protein phosphorylation is a first line of cellular response to any stimuli by either RBMOnline ® 152 Review – Cell phones: modern man’s nemesis? – K Makker et al. Figure 2. A proposed model to study the effect of cell phone radiation using the high-throughput technologies.These techniques combined with modern bioinformatics could be helpful to find minute variations caused by RF-EMF in protein or gene expression changes that might be of insufficient magnitude to alter cell physiology or give any phenotypic alteration. MALDI-TOF = matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight; SAGE = serial analysis of gene expression. int ernal or external factors. By using western blots or mass spectrometry, the phosphoproteins could be located after cellular irradiation from a mobile phone to check for any alterations in cell response.By using this approach, Hsp27 was determined to be a molecular target event of RF-EMW (Leszczynski et al. , 2002). A study using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry found statistically significant altered expression levels of 38 various proteins in human endothelial cell lines following GSM 900 MHz irradiation (Nylund and Leszczynski, 2004). Two of the affected proteins were determined to be isoforms of cytoskeletal vimentin and might have an effect on the physiological functions that are regulated by the cytoskeleton.Results from a study using human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) cell lines indicate that exposure to non-thermal dosages of RF for wireless communications can induce no or repairable DNA damage and the augmented Hsp70 protein expression in HLEC oc curred without change in the cell proliferation rate (Nylund and Leszczynski, 2004). The induction of Hsp70 by extremely low frequency (ELF) EMW also involves elements of the mitogen-activated phosphokinase (MAPK) family of cell response cascades, which are recognized signal transduction systems present in eukaryotes.MAPK pathways consist of distinct cascades of regulator enzymes that serially activate one another to control the expression of specific sets of genes in response to growth factors, cytokines, tumour promoters and other major biological stimuli. The authors suggest that nonthermal stress response of Hsp70 protein increased on RF exposure might be involved in protecting HLEC from DNA damage and maintaining the cellular capacity for proliferation (Lixia et al. , 2006). RBMOnline ®The phosphorylated Hsp27 (activated) has been shown to inhibit apoptosis by forming a complex with the apoptosome (complex of Apaf 1 protein, procaspase 9, and cytochrome c) or some of its comp onents and preventing proteolytic activation of the procaspase 9 into active form of caspase 9 (Concannon et al. , 2001). This, in turn, prevents activation of procaspase-3, which is activated by caspase 9. Apaf-1 plays an important role in the induction of apoptosis (Zou et al. , 1997). Cytochrome c release from mitochondria occurs when there is a DNAdamaging stimuli-induced apoptosis.Together with dATP/ATP, cytochrome c initiates formation of an apoptosome consisting of Apaf 1 oligomers. The Apaf 1 apoptosome recruits and activates caspase 9, which in turn activates the executioner caspases, caspase 3 and caspase 7 (Zou et al. , 1997). The induction of the increased Hsp27 activation by the RF-EMW exposure might lead to inhibition of the apoptotic pathway that involves apoptosome and caspase 3. It is proposed that such events occurring in RF-EMW-exposed cells that had undergone either spontaneous or external factor-induced transformation or damage could support survival of the tran sformed/damaged cells (Leszczynski et al. 2004). The exposure of the EA. hy926 human endothelial cell line to 900 MHz RF-EMW induces activation of the p38 MAPK stress response pathway and leads to an increase in expression and phosphorylation of the small stress response protein Hsp27 (Leszczynski et al. , 2002). Other studies have shown that the phosphorylated form of Hsp 27 has the ability to translocate to the nucleus and to induce changes in gene expression (Geum et al. , 2002). The evidence suggests that different types of cells from different species might respond differently to mobile phone radiation 53 Review – Cell phones: modern man’s nemesis? – K Makker et al. or might have different sensitivity to this weak stimulus. The results from the studies by (Nylund and Leszczynski, 2006) show that gene and protein expression were altered in multiple cell lines in response to 1-h mobile phone radiation exposure at an average specific absorption rate of 2. 8 W/ kg. However, the same genes and proteins were affected differently by the exposure in each of the cell lines. This suggests that the cell response to mobile phone radiation might be genome- and proteome-dependent.The magnitude of the genetic background for some stimulus-specific responses was highlighted by some studies comparing different cell lines (Czyz et al. , 2004). It is postulated that the genetic constitution, as well as carrier frequency of the modulation schemes and exposure duration, may play a substantial role in responsiveness of cells to RFEMW. These findings might also explain, at least in part, the origin of discrepancies in reproducibility of studies among different laboratories (Nylund and Leszczynski, 2006).Some evidence has suggested that RF-EMW may change expression of DNA transcription factors and cause changes in cell cycle kinetics. Litovitz et al. (1993) have shown that exposure of mouse L929 fibroblasts to 915 MHz at an SAR of 2. 5 W/kg induced the express ion of ornithine decarboxylase protein, an enzyme important in cell cycle regulation. Natarajan et al. (2002) reported that exposure of a monocytic cell line to 8. 2 GHz pulse-modulated RF-EMW increased the binding of the nuclear factor kappa light chain gene to its consensus DNA sequence.Later on, relative expression and localization of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and their receptors (BMPR), major endocrine and autocrine morphogens involved in renal development, were investigated by Pyrpasopoulou et al. (2004) in newborn kidneys from RF-EMW-exposed pregnant rats. The kidneys of newborns from the RF-exposed rats showed up-regulation of BMP4 and BMPR1A and down-regulation of BMPR2. This study suggests that RF-EMW might interfere with gene expression during early gestation and result in aberrations of BMP expression in the newborn (Pyrpasopoulou et al. 2004). RF-EMW has also been reported to affect the expression of Jun, a proto-oncogene (Ivaschuk et al. , 1997). Using serial an alysis of gene expression (SAGE), Lee et al. (2005) reported that in-vitro exposure of HL-60 cells to pulsemodulated 2. 45 GHz RF fields at an SAR of 10 W/kg for 6 h resulted in the differential expression of more than 750 genes. In contrast, many other recent studies have failed to find evidence of RF-field-induced changes in Hsp expression after RF-EMW exposure at frequencies ranging from 900–1950 MHz and SAR from 2–10 W/kg (Capri et al. 2004a,b; Laszlo et al. , 2005). Qutob et al. (2006) also reported no evidence relating nonthermal RF field on gene expression using microarray analysis in cultured U87 MG cells. Studies done on Drosophila melanogaster developmental potential by exposure to non-thermal radiation from the GSM mobile phone found increased numbers of offspring and elevated Hsp70 levels (Weisbrot et al. , 2003). This study also reported increased serum response element DNA-binding and induction of the phosphorylation of the nuclear transcription factor EL K-1 by cell phone radiation.The rapid induction of Hsp70 within minutes by a non-thermal stress, together with identified components of signal transduction pathways, could provide sensitive and reliable biomarkers that could serve as the basis for practical mobile phone safety guidelines (Weisbrot et al. , 2003). The indications to date that certain genes are influenced by EMW suggests that genome-wide scans of the transcriptome are necessary. Among the several technologies used for genomewide gene expression analysis, SAGE is one promising method that seems particularly applicable for EMW research.SAGE has been used in many biological and medical studies involving various eukaryotic species. So far, more than 19 million copies of SAGE tags have been collected from humans (Wang, 2006). In a recent study by Remondini et al. (2006), which was part of the Fifth Framework Programme project REFLEX (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards From LowEnergy Electromagnetic Field Ex posure Using Sensitive InVitro Methods), six human cell types, immortalized cell lines and primary cells were exposed to 900 and 1800 MHz.RNA was isolated from exposed and sham-exposed cells and labelled for transcriptome analysis on whole-genome cDNA arrays. NB69 neuroblastoma cells, T lymphocytes, and CHME5 microglial cells did not show significant changes in gene expression. In EA. hy926 endothelial cells, U937 lymphoblastoma cells and HL-60 leukaemia cells, between 12 and 34 genes were up- or down-regulated (including bcl-2-associated transcription factor BTF gene). The findings conclude that analysis of the affected gene families does not point towards a stress response, and no consistent RF-EMF signatures could be detected.However, following RF-EMW exposure, some but not all human cells might react with an increase in expression of genes encoding ribosomal proteins and therefore up-regulating the cellular metabolism (Remondini et al. , 2006). Theoretical approaches also have b een proposed to elucidate the mechanism behind the stimulation of biosynthesis by EMW (Blank and Goodman, 2008). Electrons have been shown to move in DNA and biochemical reactions could be modulated by EMW (Blank, 2005). Interaction with electrons could explain the activation of DNA by weak, low-frequency EMW, as well as the more energetic high frequencies.Evidence from biochemical reactions suggests that electromagnetic fields can accelerate electron transfer. Interaction with electrons could displace electrons in H bonds that hold DNA together, leading to chain separation and initiating transcription. The electron transfer would favour separation of base pairs, and DNA geometry is optimized for disaggregation under such conditions. The initial interaction could involve the displacement of electrons in the H bonds that hold DNA together, thereby causing chain separation and initiating transcription and translation.EMWinitiated DNA separation can set in motion the interconnected bio chemical signalling pathways that are activated in the stress response (Blank and Goodman, 2008). The effects of lowfrequency EMW on Na/K-ATPase activity (Blank, 2005) to generate ATP is another pertinent field to explore in the context of spermatozoal motility. The Na/K-ATPase is an enzyme of the plasma membrane of most animal cells that uses the free energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to mediate the exchange of cytoplasmic Na+ for extracellular K+ in a 3:2 ratio (Kaplan, 2002; Sanchez et al. , 2006).The Na/K-ATPase plays a key role in numerous cell processes that depend directly or indirectly on the transmembrane gradients of Na+ and K+. The enzyme is essential in maintaining cell osmotic balance, volume, pH and the cell resting membrane potential and in providing the chemical energy for the secondary Na+-coupled transport of other ions, solutes and water across the cell membrane (Skou and Esmann, 1992). This enzyme has an important role, along RBMOnline ® 154 Review – Cel l phones: modern man’s nemesis? – K Makker et al. with Na+/H+ exchanger, in human sperm motility (Woo et al. 2002; Sanchez et al. , 2006) These cellular pathways should be further analysed in the context of EMW. More recently Friedman et al. (2007) found significant increase in plasma membrane NADH oxidase activity of mammalian cells (HeLa cells) after exposure to 875 MHz EMF. Although the use of the discovery science approach employing high-throughput screening techniques will not yield foolproof evidence of a health hazard or its absence, it will be essential in unravelling the complexities of the biological effects potentially exerted by RF-EMF exposure. upport of previous studies, they also will open opportunities for groundbreaking research in this area. References Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK et al. 2008 Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertility and Sterility 89, 124–128. Agarwa l A, Desai NR, Makker K et al. 2008 Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study. Fertility and Sterility Epub ahead of print. Aitken RJ 1999 The Amoroso Lecture. 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Dasdag S, Ketani MA, Akdag Z et al. 999 Whole-body microwave exposure emitted by cellular phones and testicular function of rats. Urological Research 27, 219–223. Cleveland Clinic pilot study To validate the results of recent epidemiological studies and to establish a cause and effect relationship between cell phone usage and decrease in semen parameters, a novel in-vitro experiment was designed. Semen samples were exposed to EMW from a commercially available cellular phone (GSM network, 850 MHz,), and the effect of EMW on semen parameters, DNA integrity [using TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)mediated dUDP nick-end labelling assay] (Tesarik et al. 2006; Ozmen et al. , 2007) and disturbance in reactive oxygen species metabolism was assessed post exposure. In this study, healthy donors were enrolled to provide semen samples. The semen sample obtained from each volunteer was divided into two parts: EMW-exposed group and control group. Environmental condition was monitored throughout the experiment. The frequency emitted by the cell phone was also confirmed with help of a radiofrequency spectrum analyser. One portion of the sample was exposed to radiation from a commercially available cell phone.A second portion was kept non-exposed for the same time duration. Measurement of sperm concentration, motility and viability was carried out as described by the World Health Organization (1999). Samples also were assessed for reactive oxygen species, total antioxidant capacity and DNA damage (Agarwal et al. , 2008). Conclusion As highlighted above, many aspects of human health have been proposed to be affected by cell phone exposure. Ranging from mild local warmth to possible tumour inductio n, EMW have been suspected of involvement in many health concerns.At this time, evidence is lacking to strongly prove or disprove any of the proposed harmful effects of EMW. 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Zou H, Henzel WJ, Liu X et al. 1997 Apaf-1, a human protein homologous to C. elegans CED-4, participates in cytochrome c-dependent activation of caspase-3. Cell 90, 405–413. Declaration: The authors report no financia l or commercial conflicts of interest. Received 21 April 2008; refereed 6 May 2008; accepted 28 July 2008. 157 RBMOnline ®